Soil temperatures in iowa - The high temperature for Des Moines reached 80 degrees for the last day of April and made for the fourth day of the month with such a warm high temperature. The featured chart presents the number of such days each April for the airport. The average total is just two days, but there have been other recent years with higher totals than this year.

 
Evaluate Soil Temperatures To get a good sense of soil temperature, Rieck-Hinz says to measure it at about 10 a.m. or 7 p.m. CST. ... Another option for Iowa farmers is to check the ISU Iowa .... Azle tx craigslist

These observations constitute the only soil temperature record in Iowa of any appreciable length. Iowa Publications Online. ... (1960) The Climate of Iowa, Soil Temperatures at Ames by C.R. Elford and R.H. Shaw, Special Report No. 24, April 1960. Iowa State University Preview. PDFThe soil of Iowa state are Tama soi, the tama soil consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loess. These soils are on interfluves and side slopes on uplands and on treads and risers on stream terraces in river valleys. Slope ranges from 0 to 20 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 9 degrees C (48 degrees F).May 15, 2013 ... The average daytime temperature was 53.5 degrees (normal is 58.71 degrees) and the nighttime temperatures were 30.8 (average 38.29 degrees). The ...Five experts discussed the widespread impacts of extreme weather during an hour-long panel at Iowa Ideas 2022. ... Resources, like crop insurance policies and soil health initiatives, help farmers ... While soil temperatures at the 4-inch depth dropped down into the low 40s and even upper 30s across the state of Iowa by November 2, warmer air temperatures this week will raise soil temperatures, possibly above the 50° F threshold. Soil temperatures at the 4-inch depth across the state of Iowa for Nov. 2, 2020. Early Corn Planting Considerations. Factors to Consider Before Planting Corn. 1. Soil temperature of at least 50º F at 2-inch depth and preferably a warming trend in the 3-5 day forecast. Germination and root development will not occur below 50º F (root growth will be extremely slow even in the low 50's). Prolonged exposure to low ...Providing daily updated maps to summarize the current state of Iowa's climate. Updated daily at 11:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. Climatology Home. Recent Climatology Maps. Weekly Growing Season Report. Monthly Weather Report. More.The optimum temperature for emergence of cabbage and pinch seeds vary from 8° to 11°C, that for emergence of beets and cauliflower seeds varies from 11° to 18°C. If the temperature of the soil is very low then seeds either do not germinate or germinate very feebly. Seeds may be injured in very hot soil.Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship. 515-281-3375. [email protected]. Farmers are reminded to wait until soil temperatures remain below 50 degrees Fahrenheit before applying anhydrous ammonia (NH3) fertilizer this fall. What is the soil temperature in Iowa? The northern portion of the state is still sitting around the low 40s, while much of the southern half of Iowa has soil temperatures in the upper 40s, with a few counties in south central Iowa reaching the 50 degree mark. Yes, Iowa has some of the world's most fertile soil. The state's soil is often referred to as "black gold" and is ideal for agriculture. It is a result of the glaciers that pushed into Iowa around 15,000 years ago and left behind rich deposits of loess. This fertile soil supports the state's agriculture industry and allows for high ...Soil temperatures for each county in Iowa are available at Iowa State Mesonet and Ag Weather facts along with other weather information. That includes soil moisture readings for the network locations in Iowa that have the new weather stations installed. Those stations have sensors which measure moisture content in the top 5 feet of soil.The 24-inch Soil Temperature map displays the current soil temperature (degrees F) at 24 inches (60 cm) under the existing vegetative cover at each Mesonet site. This map is updated every 15 minutes. Theme. Need Help? To access Mesonet data from the past 7 days, contact our Mesonet Operator. To access ...The chart shows daily soil temperature ranges along with an hourly average value from the Ames ISU Soil Moisture Network station. The 50 degree threshold is generally needed to support corn development and is highlighted on the chart. The last five days have seen values well below that threshold. This situation pretty much happens every year ...IEM :: ISU Soil Moisture County Temperature Estimates. ISU Soil Moisture Network. County 4 inch Soil Temperature Maps. This page presents daily soil temperature analysis maps. The left hand column plots combine ISU Soil Moisture Network observations and bias corrected NWS NAM forecast model analyses to produce a higher resolution plot.Web Soil Survey. Web Soil Survey - Web Soil Survey provides soil data and information produced by the National Cooperative Soil Survey. It is operated by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service and provides access to the largest natural resource information system in the world. Published Soil Surveys for Iowa.Current weather in Sioux City, IA. Check current conditions in Sioux City, IA with radar, hourly, and more.IEM :: ISU Soil Moisture County Temperature Estimates. ISU Soil Moisture Network. County 4 inch Soil Temperature Maps. This page presents daily soil temperature analysis maps. The left hand column plots combine ISU Soil Moisture Network observations and bias corrected NWS NAM forecast model analyses to produce a higher resolution plot.What historical changes have altered Iowa's soil? How has Iowa's landscape changed over time? At the end of the most recent ice age, the climate was unsteady with periods of warming and cooling. When the unstable climate turned cold and then warmed, glaciers scraped across north central Iowa and then retreated, back and forth, creating …In 2022, Iowa growers planted 3.8 million acres of cover crops - which is 16.6% of all corn and soy acreage. This is compared to 1.6 million acres of cover crops in 2017, or 6.9% of acres. Rye ...Iowa State University Extension soil temperature readings showed only four of Iowa's 99 counties were below 50 degrees at the 4-inch depth. The same goes for counties in the southern third of ...Take advantage of 48-hour windows of 50°F soil temperatures with good planting conditions so your farmwide corn field planting dates fall more in the optimum periods as shown in the Iowa article. CropWatch posts daily and weekly soil temperature averages (provided by the Nebraska State Climate Office ) in map and table formats for sites across ...The chart shows daily soil temperature ranges along with an hourly average value from the Ames ISU Soil Moisture Network station. The 50 degree threshold is generally needed to support corn development and is highlighted on the chart. The last five days have seen values well below that threshold. This situation pretty much happens …Severe weather in western Iowa and eastern Nebraska causes damage, but rain vital for dry soil. Subsoil is still trying to catch up in Iowa after three years of drought. The last two weeks in Iowa have been filled with desperately needed rain. The state has been in a three-year extended drought, the longest since the mid- to late 1950s ...Calculations to derive predictions of A s, P s and D s are discussed below.. 2.1.Determining average annual soil temperature, A s Average annual soil temperature was calculated using the observed average annual air temperature (A a, °C) over the time period of simulation, correcting for the effect of stand leaf area index (L, m m −2) and the canopy cover of weeds/understorey (a w, 0.0-1.0 ...IOWA MONTHLY WEATHER SUMMARY - OCTOBER 2021 . ... With stream flows and sub-soil moisture rebounding significantly, Severe Drought was removed from the state during the first week of November; t he last time Iowa was free from D2 conditions was the week of July 7, 2020. As of this writing, a core of Moderate Drought remainsIt shows the following features of subsoil temps: 1. deep soil temperatures "follow" the seasons with a lag. Example:12FT is warmest Oct 29. 5 months after the greatest sunlight intensity. 2. There are lots of diurnal (daily) temperaturechanges on the surface, but the temperatures futher down change slowly. ...For much of Iowa, this is the last week in April or the first week in May. Find your frost-free date in this article: Frost Dates in Iowa. Some cool-season vegetables and annuals like broccoli, cabbage, or pansy, tolerate light freezing temperatures and can be planted 2 to 4 weeks before the average last frost date. Soil and ContainersHistorically, the soil temperatures at the 4-inch depth cool below 50° F in the northern third of the state the first week of November. For central and southern Iowa, soil temperatures …Iowa temperatures averaged 50.0 degrees or 1.6 degree above normal ranking as the 16th warmest year on record. A warmer year was last reported in 2016. ... Soil temperatures did not drop below 32 degrees until the end of the month, so much of the rain that fell in the month was able toHigh Heat Index. Low Wind Chill. 56°F at 12:00a. 53°F at 2:07a. High 4" Soil Temp. Low 4" Soil Temp. 58°F at 12:00a. 57°F at 1:28a. High Solar Radiation.2.0 Million. Iowa residents in areas of drought, according to the Drought Monitor. Decrease of. 4.4%. since last week. 40th. wettest March on record (since 1895) 2.44 in. total precipitation.ISU Soil temperatures. Admin. BeccaSoil Temperatures. Data from the Iowa State Soil Moisture Network is found on this website and daily soil temperature averages are used to produce the highlighted analysis.Iowa area would be soil regions 21, 22, and approximately the south half of soil region 17 (generally south of ... important as soil temperatures are warm and denitrification (a significant N loss mechanism on many Iowa soils) potential in June is an important component of N loss. This springtime cumulative rainfall approach, however,Iowa also receives roughly 3/4" more precipitation on an annual basis, according to the climatology division of Iowa's Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship. This alone is proof of a changing climate where extreme weather conditions will become even more common moving forward. The new drought monitor shows 87% of Iowa is at least ...Soil temperatures at the 4-inch depth across much of Iowa are currently between 54 to 65 degrees. (Figure 2). Nighttime temperatures in the lower 30s along with daytime …Iowa City (Johnson County) reported the week’s high temperature of 84 degrees on the 27th, 18 degrees above average. Several northern stations reported the week’s low temperature of 25 degrees on the 22nd, on average 12 degrees below normal. Four-inch soil temperatures ranged from the low 50s northwest to low 60s southeast as of Sunday.The great bulk of gaseous interchange between the soil pores and the atmosphere occurs by mass flow of the concerned gasses. False. 25.The partial pressure of CO2 in the soil pores is higher than the partial pressure of this gas in the atmosphere. True.Latest Iowa 4-Inch Soil Temperatures - IowaWeather.com. The following maps are county analyses of four inch depth soil temperatures across the state of Iowa from yesterday, two, and three days ago. iowaweather.com. Thought this was pretty cool.Papaya is a warm area fruit. For the plant to grow properly and bear fruits, the optimum temperature has to be between 70°F to 90°F. And for the root to remain healthy and develop strong, the soil temperature must be above 60°F. Anything lower would cause the papaya plants to have improper growth.Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship. 515-281-3375. [email protected]. Farmers are reminded to wait until soil temperatures remain below 50 degrees Fahrenheit before applying anhydrous ammonia (NH3) fertilizer this fall.The best time to seed cool-season grasses is late summer. I generally pick August 15 as the target date for the best time to seed. Seeding can generally take place as late as the end of September. Seeding dates in October can work, but the chance of success goes down each day after the first of October. The primary reason for seeding in late ...However, the early morning soil temperatures dipped to as low as 35°F (Figure 5), and on some days the soil temperature dif-ference between 6 AM and 6 PM was close to 20°F. An average 25% stand loss was observed at this location, suggesting that day-night temperature fluctuationafter planting can pose an added stress on germinating corn.For much of Iowa, this is the last week in April or the first week in May. Find your frost-free date in this article: Frost Dates in Iowa. Some cool-season vegetables and annuals like broccoli, cabbage, or pansy, tolerate light freezing temperatures and can be planted 2 to 4 weeks before the average last frost date. Soil and ContainersClimate & Soil • Iowa temperature averages 23°F in January and 75°F in July. • Iowa's average precipitation is 34", with January being the driest month and June is the wettest. Snowfall accumulation averages 30". • ndIowa is ranked 2 for generating wind energy. Iowa ranks first in percentage of electricity powered by wind at 36%.Monthly Weather Report. More. 7-Day Temperature and Precipitation Departures. 30-Day Temperature and Precipitation Departures. 4-Inch Soil Temperature. Soil Moisture and Seasonal Departure. US Drought Monitor: Iowa. US Drought Monitor: North Central Region. Looking for more information? Contact our bureau.Soil temperatures under other ground covers or under bare ground will vary somewhat from those shown here. More information on soil temperatures, including current conditions can be found on the WARM site. Table 1. Average soil temperature at 4 and 8 inches at each site. 4-Inch Depth 8-Inch Depth; Belleville: Plot: Plot ...dates when soil temperature cools below or warms above, hover over the colored polygons on the map. For more details on a polygon, click the polygon, then click the “View Data” icon at at at the top of the pop-up box. To go back to viewing the entire region, click again on the previously selected polygon. ...Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Snow, rain, and chilly temperatures left just 1.6 days suitable for fieldwork last week, according to USDA. The statewide average temperature was 36.1°F., 7.3°F. below normal. When and where possible, fieldwork activities included applying anhydrous and fertilizer, spreading manure, and planting oats.Researchers discovered startling soil erosion rates in the Midwest. Farming has worsened erosion, but no-till practices and cover crops can help. ... Iowa. Studying these escarpments shows there ...What is the soil temperature in Iowa? The northern portion of the state is still sitting around the low 40s, while much of the southern half of Iowa has soil temperatures in the upper 40s, with a few counties in south central Iowa reaching the 50 degree mark.Average winter temps in Iowa. Average winter temperatures across the state range from 16 - 30°. Average winter high temperatures are between 25 - 39°. Average winter low temperatures are from 6 - 20°. Iowa snow totals. Snowfall totals are relatively light compared with our Midwestern neighbors to the north.HOME > Monitoring & Data > U.S. Soil Moisture Monitoring > Temperature: A series of maps showing current month (see following notes) and most recent 12 months average temperature, corresponding 12 months percentiles, climatology and 1- & 3-month outlooks.. Temperature. Current Month; Most Recent 12-month period; Temperature Anomaly . Current Month; Most Recent 12-month periodTemperature readings need to be taken on three consecutive mornings at the same time, usually mid-day (between 10 a.m.-12 p.m.). Insert the probe to a depth of 2 inches for seeds or 4-6 inches for transplants. Use the chart to know when to plant seed (measured at the two-inch depth) or set out transplants (measured at the 4-6 inch depth).as a climate boost (if yields are increased compared to what they would be without climate change) or a climate burden (if yields are decreased compared to what they would be without climate change). By 2030: • 100% of Iowa counties will see climate burdens of more than 5%, and more than half will see climate burdens of more than 10%.Web Soil Survey (WSS) provides soil data and information produced by the National Cooperative Soil Survey. It is operated by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and provides access to the largest natural resource information system in the world. NRCS has soil maps and data available online for more than 95 percent of the ...Oct. 9-15, 2023. DES MOINES, Iowa (Oct. 16, 2023) — Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Mike Naig commented on the Iowa Crop Progress and Condition Report released by the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. The report is released weekly April through November. Additionally, the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship provides ...AMES, Iowa - Climate change and soil erosion feed into one another in an environmental feedback loop that can have big consequences for Iowa land, but an Iowa State University agronomist is developing new models to illuminate these complex interactions. Developing these new computer models of soil erosion and topography changes requires both ...Iowa City (Johnson County) reported the week's high temperature of 84 degrees on the 27th, 18 degrees above average. Several northern stations reported the week's low temperature of 25 degrees on the 22nd, on average 12 degrees below normal. Four-inch soil temperatures ranged from the low 50s northwest to low 60s southeast as of Sunday. ###February temperatures in Iowa averaged more than 12 degrees above normal this year, which makes it one of the warmest on record, according to the Iowa Department of Natural Resources. ... About 80% of the state is suffering from some degree of drought, with the driest soil conditions in the northeast quadrant of Iowa. All or parts of 30 ...What is the soil like in Iowa? The soil in Iowa is very deep and well-drained. The topsoil can be up to 36 cm (14 inches) thick with 3-4% organic matter. It has a soil texture that is usually a silt loam or silty clay loam. What are the soil horizons in Iowa? The primary soil horizons found in Iowa soils are: A horizon: Topsoil, a dark colored ...Following cold and wet weather in Iowa, the state’s corn planting season has been significantly delayed. The pushing back of planting shortens the optimal yield window for the year. Only 9 percent of Iowa’s corn crop has been planted according to a May 2 Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship.Iowa Crop Progress and Condition Report Oct. 18 - 24, 2021. DES MOINES, Iowa (Oct. 25, 2021) — Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Mike Naig commented today on the Iowa Crop Progress and Condition report released by the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. The report is released weekly from April through November. "An active weather pattern returned to Iowa this past week, which ...2" and 4" soil temperature (24-hr and 7-day) Current soil temperature (24-hr period) Soil temperature climatology tool (warms-above and cools-below dates) Freeze date tool. Illinois State Water Survey - Water and Atmospheric Resources Monitoring Program (WARM)- IllinoisSoil Data. Iowa State Soil Moisture Network Iowa Average 4 inch Soil ...Southwest Soil Temperatures: Southcentral Soil Temperatures: Southeast Soil Temperatures: DTN Weather: Local Weather Radar County Forecast State Forecast DTN Weather Commentary US Satellite Current Surface Analysis Wind Conditions Today's Forecast Highs Tonight's Forecast Lows 24 Hr Surface ForecastMay 15, 2013 ... The average daytime temperature was 53.5 degrees (normal is 58.71 degrees) and the nighttime temperatures were 30.8 (average 38.29 degrees). The ...The U.S. Drought Monitor is jointly produced by the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, the United States Department of Agriculture, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Map courtesy of NDMC. The U.S. Drought Monitor released every Thursday shows the latest drought conditions across the ... ECT/RT-1 Temperature Port 1 6 in 57.8 °F ECT/RT-1 Temperature Port 2 12 in 52.9 °F *Soil temps are updated hourly. Soil Probe located in Havelock, Iowa. Havelock ... Severe weather in western Iowa and eastern Nebraska causes damage, but rain vital for dry soil. Subsoil is still trying to catch up in Iowa after three years of drought. The last two weeks in Iowa have been filled with desperately needed rain. The state has been in a three-year extended drought, the longest since the mid- to late 1950s ...Find current and historical soil temperature data for Kansas from the Kansas Mesonet, a network of weather stations across the state. Daily average 4-inch depth soil temperatures by county for Iowa. The weather information on this page is updated daily on weekdays. Recorded data may be rounded for reporting purposes. Please note: Our weather center reporting is for the previous 24 hours from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. Example: The information listed as Tuesday, August 19 is actually the information from Monday, August 18 at 8:00 a.m. to Tuesday, August 19 at 8:00 a.m.DES MOINES, Iowa — Strong winds and warmer than normal temperatures led to drier soil conditions which allowed 5.2 days suitable for fieldwork during the week ending April 16, 2023, according to the USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service. There were a few isolated areas in the southern part of Iowa that saw more precipitation than average for this time of year.Apr 19, 2022 · The chart shows daily soil temperature ranges along with an hourly average value from the Ames ISU Soil Moisture Network station. The 50 degree threshold is generally needed to support corn development and is highlighted on the chart. The last five days have seen values well below that threshold. This situation pretty much happens every year ... Soil temperature is one of the most important factors to guide planting decisions. The rule of thumb is to wait until the upper 4 inches reach at least 50 degrees, with a warming temperature trend in the forecast. One way to track soil temperatures across Iowa is by using the soil temperatures map compiled by the Iowa Environmental …May 1, 2022 ... For about two days more than a week ago, when the daytime high temperatures reached into the 80s, soil temperatures rose to the above-50-degree ...Better Know a Bureau - Climatology, Dr Justin Glisan. Looking for more information? Contact our bureau. Iowa Weather and Climate Records.Plant when soil temperatures reach 60 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit for 3 consecutive days (usually 30 days after last frost). Mid-April to May; Late May and early June plantings can lead to decreased yields, though interest in double-cropping later in season is also increasing. Marginal to poor ground: 80,000 - 90,000 seeds/acre Current Iowa surface weather map Yesterday's 4-inch soil temperatures across Iowa (courtesy D. Todey) Introduction: Data coursesy of Iowa State University Departments of Agronomy and Geological and Atmospheric Sciences. The Iowa Department of Transportation has established an automated weather observation syatem network across Iowa. 2-inch Soil Temperatures (Soil temperature data will be updated by 9:00 AM on weekdays and 11:00 AM on weekends.) 2-inch Soil Temperatures for May 1, 2024. Station. County. Bare Soil. Corn. Residue.The soil temperature fluctuates more slowly than that of the air due to the relatively high heat capacity of the soil and the relatively low heat conductance of the soil. This means that a sunny day can see ground temperatures that are much warmer than air temperatures (10-40F is normal), but on a cold, clear winter night, temperatures can be ...

Frost Dates in Iowa. Below is the likelihood of experiencing 32°F on or before the given date in fall and on or after the given date in spring. Links to high-population counties are below, and all counties are listed alphabetically. Early = only 10% of all freeze dates occurred before this day. Average = the average freeze date for this location.. Pnc salary teller

soil temperatures in iowa

Average winter temps in Iowa. Average winter temperatures across the state range from 16 - 30°. Average winter high temperatures are between 25 - 39°. Average winter low temperatures are from 6 - 20°. Iowa snow totals. Snowfall totals are relatively light compared with our Midwestern neighbors to the north.County 4 inch Soil Temperature Maps. This page presents daily soil temperature analysis maps. The left hand column plots combine ISU Soil Moisture Network observations and …The chances of finding morels improve when daytime temperatures reach the 60s and nighttime temperatures are in the 50s. More specifically, a soil temperature of 53 degrees is the time to start looking. Variables affecting ground warmth include type of soil (well-drained sandy soils warm up more quickly than clay), the degree that the ground ...corn grown in topsoil. The impro vement in soil organic carbon in the subsoil 0 to 60 cm (0. to 24 in) soil depth with corn and soybean crops ov er the past 28 years av eraged at 0.70 Mg. ha -1 yr ...Built for You. Soil Temperature App is an ideal tool for anyone who needs to monitor soil temperature and moisture levels, including farmers, landscapers, gardeners and researchers. Whether you're planting crops, tending to your garden, preparing a construction site, or conducting scientific experiments, we provide you with the data you need to ...The Jenny model of soil development (Jenny, 1994) identifies climate (i.e., temperature plus precipitation) as one of the five main controllers of soil formation.The effect of temperature is approximated by the van't Hoff rule: For every 10°C rise in temperature the rate of a chemical reaction increases by a factor of typically two to three. This approximate rule holds for numerous chemical ...Assessing landscape patterns in climate vulnerability, as well as resilience and resistance to drought, disturbance, and invasive species, requires appropriate metrics of relevant environmental conditions. In dryland systems of western North America, soil temperature and moisture regimes have been widely utilized as an indicator of resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasive plant ...2206 Agronomy Hall 716 Farm House Lane Ames, IA 50011-1051The U.S. Drought Monitor is jointly produced by the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, the United States Department of Agriculture, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Map courtesy of NDMC. The U.S. Drought Monitor released every Thursday shows the latest drought conditions across the ...If you’re planning a trip from Osceola, Iowa to Burlington, Iowa, taking the train is a convenient and scenic option. Taking the train offers several advantages over other modes of...The variable temperature layer is situated in the upper soil layer, and its temperature undergoes dynamic changes in response to the environmental conditions surrounding the soil surface. The constant temperature layer is located below the variable temperature layer, typically with a thickness of 0.40 to 0.80 m and an average thickness …Average (or mean) the two soil temperatures together. So, a.m. plus p.m. and divide by 2. You’ll need to get a consistent reading for four or five days in a row before planting. And again, you’ll need to watch the weather and make sure there won’t be a cold snap any time soon. Fighting the weather can be a real struggle when it comes to ...According to the April 5 soil temperature map provided by the Iowa Environmental Mesonet, nearly all counties in Iowa are at 50 degrees Fahrenheit or warmer – the minimum for planting corn. ... Although soil temperature at planting is important, agronomists advise that the soil temperature should remain at 50 F or trend upward …Soil temperatures should be about 60 degrees before setting the tomato plant into the garden, according to the University of New Hampshire. In southern Iowa, late April is typically the ideal time ...Radishes become spongy, woody, excessively hot in flavor, and make seed heads readily in the warm temperatures of summer, so avoid growing during this time of year. In Iowa, plan to plant garden radishes in early April and sow staggered plantings every 7 to 10 days through mid-May. This will allow for harvest from mid-April through early June.are based on inherent soil properties 60 to 80 inches deep, average weather and the potential of different kinds of soil for row-crop production. The CSR reflected the scientists' extensive expert knowledge of these factors, modern statistical methods and a multiyear, detailed analysis of the productivity of Iowa's 30 million acres of farmland..

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